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From: Liane Praza <lianep@absurd.sfbay.sun.com>
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Subject: Process Contract Decorations [PSARC/2008/046 FastTrack timeout 01/28/2008]
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Template Version: @(#)sac_nextcase 1.64 07/13/07 SMI
This information is Copyright 2008 Sun Microsystems
1. Introduction
    1.1. Project/Component Working Name:
	 Process Contract Decorations
    1.2. Name of Document Author/Supplier:
	 Author:  Antonello Cruz
    1.3  Date of This Document:
	22 January, 2008
4. Technical Description
    See the case directory for more detail

6. Resources and Schedule
    6.4. Steering Committee requested information
   	6.4.1. Consolidation C-team Name:
		ON
    6.5. ARC review type: FastTrack
    6.6. ARC Exposure: open


From liane.praza@sun.com Tue Jan 22 08:30:51 2008
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Date: Tue, 22 Jan 2008 08:30:48 -0800
From: Liane Praza <liane.praza@sun.com>
Subject: 2008/046 Process Contract Decorations
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Cc: Antonello.Cruz@sun.com, David Powell <David.Powell@sun.com>
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I'm submitting this fasttrack on behalf of Antonello Cruz.  We
request a Patch binding, and new interfaces introduced are
Committed.

The timer is set for 28 January, 2008.

liane

---

Process Contract Decorations
Antonello Cruz
1/22/2008


1. Summary

   This proposal adds new terms to process contracts for the service
   fmri and additional information that will enable one to identify the
   provenance of a process contract.  It also updates SMF(5), ctrun(1),
   and init(1M) to publish this information.  Unmodified process
   contract consumers will continue to work in a compatible fashion.
   We are requesting patch release binding for these changes.


2. Problem Solved

   svc.startd and inetd currently track which contracts they created
   for which services.  While this information is made available to
   other consumers, it isn't conveniently accessed: the data is indexed
   by service, not contract; the data isn't available in kernel or
   post-mortem environments; and data on sub-contracts (contracts
   created by contracts created by svc.startd/inetd) doesn't exist.
   With these changes:

     Administrators will be able to easily (i.e. in one step only)
     identify where a contract originated.

     Contracts without an existing genealogical link to contracts known
     to SMF will still be identifiable.

     Observation and debugging tools (e.g. DTrace) in both userland and
     the kernel will be able to efficiently obtain and use the service
     owner of a contract.

     Post-mortem tools will be able to identify the ownership of
     contracts.


3. Description Details

   3.1 New process contract terms

     The following new terms are added to the process contract:

     Service FMRI:

       This term contains the service FMRI for the process contract
       members. The value is set on the contract template and if left
       undefined, it will be inherited from the parent's process
       contract.

     Creator Auxiliary:

       This term allows a particular creator to further describe the
       purpose of a contract.  In general, the values of this term are
       undefined by this case; it is up to individual creators to
       create and follow conventions.  For example, svc.startd could
       (and will, see below) use this field to store the method name.
       The primary consumers of this term are observation tools that
       could be running in a variety of locales; we recommend producers
       (which are typically daemons or system tools) limit their
       content to the C locale (ASCII).

     In addition to the above terms, the kernel will publish the
     following information for each process contract:

     Service Contract ID

       The contract ID of the first contract in this service.  The
       first contract is the youngest ancestor for which the Service
       FMRI was set (i.e. not inherited).

     Creator

       The name of the process that created the process contract.


   3.2 New privileges

     In order to be able to reliably identify a process contract based
     on the service FMRI value, we will require privilege to set the
     term in the process contract template. There is no current
     privilege that could be leveraged for the purpose of contract
     identification. Thus, we introduce a new privilege,
     {PRIV_CONTRACT_IDENTITY}, that will be required of processes that
     set the Service FMRI term.


   3.3 Change to existing software

     The following interfaces were added to libcontract(3LIB) to access
     the new terms in the template and process contracts. These
     descriptions can be found in the man pages.

         ct_pr_tmpl_set_svc_fmri()
         ct_pr_tmpl_get_svc_fmri()
         ct_pr_tmpl_set_svc_aux()
         ct_pr_tmpl_get_svc_aux()
         ct_pr_status_get_svc_fmri()
         ct_pr_status_get_svc_aux()
         ct_pr_status_get_svc_ctid()
         ct_pr_status_get_svc_creator()


     To permit a user to define values to the new term, new options
     were introduced to ctrun. Option -F to set the value for service
     FMRI and option -A to set the value for service auxiliary


     New contract term values of well-known process contracts.

     init(1M)

         term      set by          value
         ----------------------------------------------------------------
         FMRI      kernel          svc:/system/init:default
         ctid      kernel          init's contract id
         creator   kernel          "sched"
         aux       kernel          ""


     init-started "services"

         term      set by          value
        -----------------------------------------------------------------
         FMRI      init(1M)        init:/<inittab entry id>
         ctid      kernel          service's contract id
         creator   kernel          "init"
         aux       init(1M)        inittab entry id


     svc.startd(1M)  (special case of the above)

         term      set by          value
         ----------------------------------------------------------------
         FMRI      init(1M)        svc:/system/svc/restarter:default
         ctid      kernel          svc.startd's contract id
         creator   kernel          "init"
         aux       init(1M)        "smf" (svc.startd's inittab entry id)


     svc.configd(1M)

         term      set by          value
         ----------------------------------------------------------------
         FMRI      svc.startd(1M)  svc:/system/svc/repository:default
         ctid      kernel          svc.configd's contract id
         creator   kernel          "svc.startd"
         aux       svc.startd(1M)  "svc.configd"


     services

         term      set by          value
         ----------------------------------------------------------------
         FMRI      restarter       service FMRI
         ctid      kernel          service's contract id
         creator   kernel          restarter execname (e.g svc.startd)
         aux       restarter       method (e.g start, stop)


     subcontract of services/commands unaware of new terms
     e.g. ssh, console-login, zlogin

         term      set by          value
         ----------------------------------------------------------------
         FMRI      kernel          service FMRI inherited from parent
         ctid      kernel          service's contract id
         creator   kernel          contract creator's execname (e.g sshd)
         aux       kernel          ""


     ctrun(1)

         term      set by          value
         ----------------------------------------------------------------
         FMRI      ctrun(1)        defined by option -F, if omitted it
                                   will inherit the value from parent's
                                   contract
         ctid      kernel          service's contract id (or the
                                   contract's id, if a new FMRI was
                                   specified using -F
         creator   kernel          "ctrun"
         aux       ctrun(1)        defined by option -A, if omitted it
                                   will be ""


4. Examples

   The following example obtains a verbose report of contract which its
   id is 1:


        example% ctstat -vi 1

        CTID    TYPE    STATE   HOLDER  EVENTS  QTIME   NTIME
        1      process  owned   100579  0       -       -
               informative event set: none
               critical event set:    hwerr core
               fatal event set:       hwerr
               parameter set:         none
               member processes:      100600 100601
               inherited ctids:       none
               service fmri:          svc:/system/init:default
               service fmri's ctid:   1
               creator:               sched
               aux:



   Here is a dtrace example for aggregating system calls by FMRI.

   #!/usr/sbin/dtrace -s

   syscall:::entry
   {
      @[stringof(curthread->t_procp->p_ct_process->conp_svc_fmri->
          rs_string)] = count();
   }

   dtrace: script './svc_sys_aggr.d' matched 232 probes ^C

     svc:/system/fmd:default                                     7
     svc:/system/utmp:default                                   11
     svc:/system/system-log:default                             18
     svc:/network/rpc/keyserv:default                           20
     svc:/system/hal:default                                    20
     svc:/system/intrd:default                                  36
     svc:/system/zones:default                                  72
     svc:/network/smtp:sendmail                                122
     svc:/network/inetd:default                                292
     svc:/network/rpc/bind:default                             372
     svc:/system/cryptosvc:default                             394
     svc:/network/nfs/mapid:default                            439
     svc:/network/rpc/gss:default                              623
     svc:/network/nfs/cbd:default                              668
     svc:/system/filesystem/autofs:default                    1402
     svc:/network/nfs/status:default                          1556
     svc:/system/webconsole:console                           1842
     svc:/network/nfs/nlockmgr:default                        1977
     svc:/application/graphical-login/cde-login:default       2449
     svc:/system/svc/restarter:default                        2851
     svc:/system/name-service-cache:default                   3819
     svc:/system/console-login:default                        5124
     svc:/system/svc/repository:default                       9686
     svc:/network/ssh:default                                10819


5. Interface table

   The new libcontract(3LIB) interfaces created by this project are
   listed below.

   This is the set of interfaces used to modify and retrieve values in
   the process contract template structure.

   ct_pr_tmpl_set_svc_fmri()             Committed
   ct_pr_tmpl_get_svc_fmri()             Committed
   ct_pr_tmpl_set_svc_aux()              Committed
   ct_pr_tmpl_get_svc_aux()              Committed


   This is the set of interfaces used to retrieve values in the process
   contract status structure.

   ct_pr_status_get_svc_fmri()           Committed
   ct_pr_status_get_svc_aux()            Committed
   ct_pr_status_get_svc_ctid()           Committed
   ct_pr_status_get_svc_creator()        Committed


   Modified commands interface

   ctrun invocation                      Committed

   ctstat output                         Not-an-Interface


   Privilege created

   PRIV_CONTRACT_IDENTITY                Committed


6. Documentation changes

    See the 'materials' subdirectory of the case directory for
    manpage diffs.

From Darren.Moffat@sun.com Wed Jan 23 02:53:17 2008
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Date: Wed, 23 Jan 2008 10:53:11 +0000
From: Darren J Moffat <Darren.Moffat@sun.com>
Subject: Re: 2008/046 Process Contract Decorations
In-reply-to: <47961A38.5000100@sun.com>
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To: Liane Praza <Liane.Praza@sun.com>
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Liane Praza wrote:
>    3.2 New privileges
> 
>      In order to be able to reliably identify a process contract based
>      on the service FMRI value, we will require privilege to set the
>      term in the process contract template. There is no current
>      privilege that could be leveraged for the purpose of contract
>      identification. Thus, we introduce a new privilege,
>      {PRIV_CONTRACT_IDENTITY}, that will be required of processes that
>      set the Service FMRI term.

I'm assuming this applies to both the "Service FMRI" and the "Creator 
Auxiliary" information.  This means that end users using ctrun(1) won't 
be able to setup contract identities that seems a shame since they can 
create new contracts.

Would it be sufficient that the privilege is needed only to change the 
stored identity information if it is already set or be required only to 
set the "Service FMRI" and to change the aux information (if already set).

This looks like great stuff and I'd like to see it get as much scope for 
use. I can see that setting a service FMRI as an end user could be seen 
as a bad thing because it could confuse analysis tools but I'm not sure
I see the security risk in doing so, is there one ?

-- 
Darren J Moffat

From casper@holland.sun.com Wed Jan 23 03:11:42 2008
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From: Casper.Dik@sun.com
Subject: Re: 2008/046 Process Contract Decorations
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>Liane Praza wrote:
>>    3.2 New privileges
>> 
>>      In order to be able to reliably identify a process contract based
>>      on the service FMRI value, we will require privilege to set the
>>      term in the process contract template. There is no current
>>      privilege that could be leveraged for the purpose of contract
>>      identification. Thus, we introduce a new privilege,
>>      {PRIV_CONTRACT_IDENTITY}, that will be required of processes that
>>      set the Service FMRI term.
>
>I'm assuming this applies to both the "Service FMRI" and the "Creator 
>Auxiliary" information.  This means that end users using ctrun(1) won't 
>be able to setup contract identities that seems a shame since they can 
>create new contracts.
>
>Would it be sufficient that the privilege is needed only to change the 
>stored identity information if it is already set or be required only to 
>set the "Service FMRI" and to change the aux information (if already set).
>
>This looks like great stuff and I'd like to see it get as much scope for 
>use. I can see that setting a service FMRI as an end user could be seen 
>as a bad thing because it could confuse analysis tools but I'm not sure
>I see the security risk in doing so, is there one ?


I would expect you would need to "own" the contract in question or
be able to control it in order to set the identity.

Casper

From Antonello.Cruz@sun.com Wed Jan 23 09:32:44 2008
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From: Antonello Cruz <Antonello.Cruz@sun.com>
Subject: Re: 2008/046 Process Contract Decorations
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Casper.Dik@Sun.COM wrote:
> Darren J Moffat wrote:
>> Liane Praza wrote:
>>>    3.2 New privileges
>>>
>>>      In order to be able to reliably identify a process contract based
>>>      on the service FMRI value, we will require privilege to set the
>>>      term in the process contract template. There is no current
>>>      privilege that could be leveraged for the purpose of contract
>>>      identification. Thus, we introduce a new privilege,
>>>      {PRIV_CONTRACT_IDENTITY}, that will be required of processes that
>>>      set the Service FMRI term.
>> I'm assuming this applies to both the "Service FMRI" and the "Creator 
>> Auxiliary" information.  This means that end users using ctrun(1) won't 
>> be able to setup contract identities that seems a shame since they can 
>> create new contracts.
>>
>> Would it be sufficient that the privilege is needed only to change the 
>> stored identity information if it is already set or be required only to 
>> set the "Service FMRI" and to change the aux information (if already set).
Actually the privilege is required only for setting the "Service FMRI". 
The man pages diffs should better clarify that the privilege is required 
for ctrun -F and ct_pr_tmpl_set_svc_fmri().

>>
>> This looks like great stuff and I'd like to see it get as much scope for 
>> use. I can see that setting a service FMRI as an end user could be seen 
>> as a bad thing because it could confuse analysis tools but I'm not sure
>> I see the security risk in doing so, is there one ?
There is no security vulnerability in not requiring privilege to set the 
"Service FMRI". Requiring privilege has the goal of making the term 
"Service FMRI" a trusted, system-wide name for observability purposes. 
Just as the SMF service FMRI is today.
We don't require the privilege for term "Creator Auxiliary" so that 
unprivileged processes can differentiate contracts they spawn. After 
all, the contracts created by an unprivileged process would all have the 
same inherited "Service FMRI".

> 
> 
> I would expect you would need to "own" the contract in question or
> be able to control it in order to set the identity.
The terms of a contract cannot be changed after it is created. 
Therefore, when a process owns a contract, it cannot change the 
contract's identity terms.

Antonello

From gww@eng.sun.com Wed Jan 23 14:11:02 2008
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Date: Wed, 23 Jan 2008 14:09:42 -0800 (PST)
From: Gary Winiger <gww@eng.sun.com>
Subject: Re: 2008/046 Process Contract Decorations
To: Antonello.Cruz@sun.com, Casper.Dik@sun.com
Cc: Darren.Moffat@sun.com, David.Powell@sun.com, Liane.Praza@sun.com,
        PSARC-ext@sun.com
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> >> Liane Praza wrote:
> >>>    3.2 New privileges
> >>>
> >>>      In order to be able to reliably identify a process contract based
> >>>      on the service FMRI value, we will require privilege to set the
> >>>      term in the process contract template. There is no current
> >>>      privilege that could be leveraged for the purpose of contract
> >>>      identification. Thus, we introduce a new privilege,
> >>>      {PRIV_CONTRACT_IDENTITY}, that will be required of processes that
> >>>      set the Service FMRI term.
> >> I'm assuming this applies to both the "Service FMRI" and the "Creator 
> >> Auxiliary" information.  This means that end users using ctrun(1) won't 
> >> be able to setup contract identities that seems a shame since they can 
> >> create new contracts.
> >>
> >> Would it be sufficient that the privilege is needed only to change the 
> >> stored identity information if it is already set or be required only to 
> >> set the "Service FMRI" and to change the aux information (if already set).
> Actually the privilege is required only for setting the "Service FMRI". 
> The man pages diffs should better clarify that the privilege is required 
> for ctrun -F and ct_pr_tmpl_set_svc_fmri().
> 
> >>
> >> This looks like great stuff and I'd like to see it get as much scope for 
> >> use. I can see that setting a service FMRI as an end user could be seen 
> >> as a bad thing because it could confuse analysis tools but I'm not sure
> >> I see the security risk in doing so, is there one ?
> There is no security vulnerability in not requiring privilege to set the 
> "Service FMRI". Requiring privilege has the goal of making the term 
> "Service FMRI" a trusted, system-wide name for observability purposes. 
> Just as the SMF service FMRI is today.

	Hummm, is that really worth adding a privilege and requiring
	ctrun to be called with that privilege?  What's the risk of
	the FMRI being spoofed on a contract?

	What Rights Profile is being proposed to grant ctrun privilege?
	And who should be granted this profile?

Gary..
> We don't require the privilege for term "Creator Auxiliary" so that 
> unprivileged processes can differentiate contracts they spawn. After 
> all, the contracts created by an unprivileged process would all have the 
> same inherited "Service FMRI".
> 
> > 
> > 
> > I would expect you would need to "own" the contract in question or
> > be able to control it in order to set the identity.
> The terms of a contract cannot be changed after it is created. 
> Therefore, when a process owns a contract, it cannot change the 
> contract's identity terms.

From Nicolas.Williams@sun.com Wed Jan 23 14:29:11 2008
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Date: Wed, 23 Jan 2008 16:29:07 -0600
From: Nicolas Williams <Nicolas.Williams@sun.com>
Subject: Re: 2008/046 Process Contract Decorations
In-reply-to: <47961A38.5000100@sun.com>
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Is there a stable DTrace interface to get at a contract's decorations?

The problem with inheritting the FMRI from the contract's parent
contract is that login sessions' contracts (which are created primarily
to be distinct from that of the service that performed the login) and
sub-contracts will have an FMRI that is not necessarily useful -- the
FMRI decoration will only be useful in conjunction with a bit indicating
whether the FMRI was inheritted.

And if you wanted to you could make the privilege work sligthly
differently: rather than use the privilege to authorize the contract
identity set operation the kernel could simply set a one-bit decoration
value indicating whether the contract creator had that privilege.

Nico
-- 

From Antonello.Cruz@sun.com Fri Jan 25 07:41:24 2008
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Date: Fri, 25 Jan 2008 07:40:55 -0800
From: Antonello Cruz <Antonello.Cruz@sun.com>
Subject: Re: 2008/046 Process Contract Decorations
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Gary Winiger wrote:
>> There is no security vulnerability in not requiring privilege to set the 
>> "Service FMRI". Requiring privilege has the goal of making the term 
>> "Service FMRI" a trusted, system-wide name for observability purposes. 
>> Just as the SMF service FMRI is today.
> 
> 	Hummm, is that really worth adding a privilege and requiring
> 	ctrun to be called with that privilege?  What's the risk of
> 	the FMRI being spoofed on a contract?
The FMRI term as proposed is intended to allow an administrator to 
reliably identify where each contract on the system originates from. 
Since creating a new contract doesn't require privilege, permitting any 
contract creator to set the FMRI term limits observability and impedes 
forensic analysis.

> 
> 	What Rights Profile is being proposed to grant ctrun privilege?
A new Rights Profile named "Process Contract Identifier" should be 
amended to this case.

> 	And who should be granted this profile?
Users who are responsible for creating service-like collections of 
processes that the administrator has decided should be identified 
separately from services started by SMF


Antonello

From Antonello.Cruz@sun.com Fri Jan 25 07:44:01 2008
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Date: Fri, 25 Jan 2008 07:43:35 -0800
From: Antonello Cruz <Antonello.Cruz@sun.com>
Subject: Re: 2008/046 Process Contract Decorations
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Nicolas Williams wrote:
> Is there a stable DTrace interface to get at a contract's decorations?
There are many possible consumers of these new terms.  DTrace is only 
one such consumer, and can be designed separately from this case and in 
parallel with other consumers.

> 
> The problem with inheritting the FMRI from the contract's parent
> contract is that login sessions' contracts (which are created primarily
> to be distinct from that of the service that performed the login) and
> sub-contracts will have an FMRI that is not necessarily useful -- the
> FMRI decoration will only be useful in conjunction with a bit indicating
> whether the FMRI was inheritted.
process(4) man page diff has code example to check if the "Service FMRI" 
was inherited or not.

> 
> And if you wanted to you could make the privilege work sligthly
> differently: rather than use the privilege to authorize the contract
> identity set operation the kernel could simply set a one-bit decoration
> value indicating whether the contract creator had that privilege.
The "Creator Auxiliary" field was designed to permit an unprivileged 
contract creator to tag the contract.

Antonello

From Nicolas.Williams@sun.com Fri Jan 25 08:03:22 2008
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Date: Fri, 25 Jan 2008 10:02:12 -0600
From: Nicolas Williams <Nicolas.Williams@sun.com>
Subject: Re: 2008/046 Process Contract Decorations
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On Fri, Jan 25, 2008 at 07:40:55AM -0800, Antonello Cruz wrote:
> Gary Winiger wrote:
> > 	What Rights Profile is being proposed to grant ctrun privilege?
> A new Rights Profile named "Process Contract Identifier" should be 
> amended to this case.
> 
> > 	And who should be granted this profile?
> Users who are responsible for creating service-like collections of 
> processes that the administrator has decided should be identified 
> separately from services started by SMF

But will there be such users?  It strikes me that this is a privilege
that only restarters will need, and those should be services themselves,
able to obtain this privilege straight from svc.startd.

I.e., services that use ctrun to implement a restarter, or which use
librestart may need this privilege, and they should have that privilege
as part of the start method context.

I can't imagine applications that are not SMF services requiring this
privilege (except, perhaps, for debugging).

So a rights profile to go with this privilege seems unnecessary.

IMO,

Nico
-- 

From Antonello.Cruz@sun.com Fri Jan 25 13:41:19 2008
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Date: Fri, 25 Jan 2008 13:40:53 -0800
From: Antonello Cruz <Antonello.Cruz@sun.com>
Subject: Re: 2008/046 Process Contract Decorations
In-reply-to: <20080125160211.GM12183@Sun.COM>
Sender: Antonello.Cruz@sun.com
To: Antonello Cruz <Antonello.Cruz@sun.com>, Gary Winiger <gww@eng.sun.com>,
        David.Powell@sun.com, PSARC-ext@sun.com, Liane.Praza@sun.com,
        Casper.Dik@sun.com
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Nicolas Williams wrote:
> On Fri, Jan 25, 2008 at 07:40:55AM -0800, Antonello Cruz wrote:
>> Gary Winiger wrote:
>>> 	What Rights Profile is being proposed to grant ctrun privilege?
>> A new Rights Profile named "Process Contract Identifier" should be 
>> amended to this case.
>>
>>> 	And who should be granted this profile?
>> Users who are responsible for creating service-like collections of 
>> processes that the administrator has decided should be identified 
>> separately from services started by SMF
> 
> But will there be such users?  It strikes me that this is a privilege
> that only restarters will need, and those should be services themselves,
> able to obtain this privilege straight from svc.startd.
> 
> I.e., services that use ctrun to implement a restarter, or which use
> librestart may need this privilege, and they should have that privilege
> as part of the start method context.
> 
> I can't imagine applications that are not SMF services requiring this
> privilege (except, perhaps, for debugging).
I can think of development of new restartes or services that create 
contracts, which probably falls in your debugging set.

> 
> So a rights profile to go with this privilege seems unnecessary.
I agree it seems overkill to create a new Rights Profile. I don't feel 
strongly either way. What do others think?

Antonello


From gww@eng.sun.com Wed Jan 30 09:56:35 2008
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Date: Wed, 30 Jan 2008 09:55:06 -0800 (PST)
From: Gary Winiger <gww@eng.sun.com>
Subject: Re: 2008/046 Process Contract Decorations
To: Antonello.Cruz@sun.com, Casper.Dik@sun.com, David.Powell@sun.com,
        Liane.Praza@sun.com, PSARC-ext@sun.com, gww@eng.sun.com
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> > So a rights profile to go with this privilege seems unnecessary.
> I agree it seems overkill to create a new Rights Profile. I don't feel 
> strongly either way. What do others think?

	To me the fundimental question is how is ctrun intended to be
	used?  Is the intent for ctrun to be used by users/admins
	interactively to do something that needs the FRMI value?
	Or perhaps through scripting that the user/admin uses
	interactively .....

Gary..

From liane.praza@sun.com Wed Jan 30 10:14:58 2008
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Date: Wed, 30 Jan 2008 10:14:54 -0800
From: Liane Praza <liane.praza@sun.com>
Subject: Re: 2008/046 Process Contract Decorations
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Gary Winiger wrote:
>>> So a rights profile to go with this privilege seems unnecessary.
>> I agree it seems overkill to create a new Rights Profile. I don't feel 
>> strongly either way. What do others think?
> 
> 	To me the fundimental question is how is ctrun intended to be
> 	used?  Is the intent for ctrun to be used by users/admins
> 	interactively to do something that needs the FRMI value?
> 	Or perhaps through scripting that the user/admin uses
> 	interactively .....

We discussed and agreed at the meeting that ctrun -f isn't expected to 
be used interactively, and thus a rights profile is overkill at this point.

This case was voted as approved in today's meeting with no changes to 
the initial spec.

liane

