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Date: Wed, 09 Dec 2009 15:06:36 -0800 (PST)
From: Jordan Brown <jb25718@sac.sfbay.sun.com>
Subject: CIFS Service Kerberos user authentication for AD users [PSARC/2009/673
 FastTrack timeout 12/16/2009]
To: PSARC-ext@sun.com
Cc: cifs-eng@sun.com, kerberos-iteam@sun.com
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Template Version: @(#)sac_nextcase 1.68 02/23/09 SMI
This information is Copyright 2009 Sun Microsystems
1. Introduction
    1.1. Project/Component Working Name:
	 CIFS Service Kerberos user authentication for AD users
    1.2. Name of Document Author/Supplier:
	 Author:  Natalie Li
    1.3  Date of This Document:
	 07 December, 2009
    1.4. Name of Major Document Customer(s)/Consumer(s):
         PSARC
	 CIFS team

    1.5. Email Aliases:
    	 1.5.1. Responsible Manager: Barry.Greenberg@Sun.COM
    	 1.5.2. Responsible Engineer: Natalie.Li@Sun.COM
    	 1.5.3. Marketing Manager:
	 1.5.4. Interest List: cifs-team@sun.com

4. Technical Description:
    4.1. Details:

	This fast track proposes Kerberos user authentication support for
	Active Directory (AD) user accounts when using the CIFS Service
	(PSARC/2006/715) in domain mode.  The CIFS Service currently supports
	pass-through authentication using the NTLMv2, NTLM, LMv2 and LM
	challenge-response algorithms ([8] cifs-design_1_2.pdf Appendix D).

	As with Windows, the Solaris CIFS Service can operate in workgroup
	(standalone) mode or domain mode.  In workgroup mode, local
	authentication is performed against a local password database.
	In domain mode, both local and domain users are supported: local
	users are authenticated as in workgroup mode, domain users are
	authenticated using pass-through authentication to a domain controller.

	Microsoft introduced Kerberos user authentication [7] for SMB in
	Windows 2000, to supplement the existing authentication mechanisms
	used in earlier versions of Windows: NTLMv2, NTLM, LMv2 and LM.
	These earlier authentication mechanisms are retained in Windows to
	support standalone or workgroup environments and for backward
	compatibility.

	Clients negotiate one of two mechanisms during SMB protocol dialect
	negotiation and session setup:

	- Basic security, which is based on the NTLM challenge-response
	  exchange ([8] cifs-design_1_2.pdf Appendix D)

	- Extended security ([1] section 4.1), which supports NTLM or Kerberos.
	  Despite the name, extended security is not a security mechanism per
	  se; it is a transport for authentication protocols such as NTLM or
	  Kerberos ([7] section 5.1).

	When using Kerberos user authentication, the SMB client prompts the
	user for credentials (user name and password), which are used to obtain
	a Kerberos ticket-granting ticket (TGT) from an Active Directory domain
	controller that is running the KDC service.  The TGT is then used to
	acquire service tickets, which are used to prove the user's identity
	to application servers (such as the CIFS Service).

	Kerberos is primarily an authentication protocol, not an authorization
	protocol, but Microsoft has extended the base Kerberos protocol to
	include authorization data, which is encoded within the Privilege
	Attribute Certificate (PAC).  The PAC conveys authorization related
	information provided by an Active Directory domain controller, such
	as group membership and privileges.  See [4] for more information on
	the PAC.

	With the recent resync of Kerberos on Solaris with the MIT Kerberos
	Consortium's release of version 1.7 (PSARC/2009/418) Solaris kerberized
	application servers can extract the PAC from a service ticket embedded
	in KRB_AP_REQ requests, and subsequently generate user credentials for
	authorization purposes.  The use of the PAC to carry authorization data
	should provide a performance benefit during session setup because,
	unlike pass-through authentication, the SMB server does not have to
	make MSRPC calls to obtain that information from a domain controller.

	The Solaris CIFS Service will be enhanced to offer extended security
	and Kerberos V5 user authentication for AD domain user accounts,
	which requires underlying support for GSSAPI/SPNEGO and GSSAPI/KRB5.
 	The Simple and Protected GSSAPI Negotiation (SPNEGO) mechanism is widely
	used for security protocol or authentication mechanism selection.  In
	SMB, it is used to select either NTLMSSP or Kerberos [6]. 

	The following diagram and subsequent description provide more details
	on the architecture and changes being proposed.

				  |
				  |
				  V
			+-------------------+
			| Extended Security +---------------------------+
			+---------+---------+				|
				  |					|
		extended security=yes			extended security=no
				  |					|
				  +---------------------+		|
				  |			|		|
			 SPNEGO token=yes	SPNEGO token=no		|
				  |			|		|
			          V			|		|
			+-------------------+		|		|
			|       SPNEGO      |		|		|
			+---------+---------+		|		|
				  |			|		|
		+-----------------+-------------+	|		|
		|				|	|		|
		V				V	V		|
	+---------------+	+-------------------------------+	|
	|   Kerberos V5 |	|		NTLMSSP		|	|
	+---------------+	+---------------+---------------+ 	|
	      					|			|
	       					V			V
	       			+--------------------------------------------+
	       			|         lmauth_level                       |
				+---------------+----------------------------+
						|
						V
				+-------------------------------+
				|    NTLMv2, NTLM, LMv2, LM     |
				+-------------------------------+


	The CIFS Service currently supports NTLMv2, NTLM, LMv2 and LM
	authentication for both local and domain users.  The lmauth_level
	controls the authentication algorithm offered to clients as described
	in smb(4).  In order to provide a similar level of support when
	Kerberos AD domain user authentication is introduced, the CIFS Service
	will have to support both extended security and NTLMSSP [5].  The NT LAN
	Manager Security Support Provider (NTLMSSP) is a wrapper protocol
	used to facilitate the challenge-response authentication mechanisms
	when using SPNEGO. For Microsoft interoperability, the CIFS Service
	will also accept raw NTLMSSP messages that are not embedded in
	SPNEGO messages ([2] Section 3.2.5.2 "Universal Receiver").

	The following Service Principal Names (SPNs) will be registered with
	Active Directory during domain join to indicate that the CIFS Service
	runs under the system account security context.  This is to satisfy
	Windows client requests for a CIFS Service service ticket using host,
	cifs or NetBIOS SPNs.

		cifs/<hostname>.<fqdn>
		host/<NetBIOS name>

	The following entries will be added to the local keytab file
	/etc/krb5/krb5.keytab during domain join:
 
		cifs/<hostname>.<fqdn>@<REALM>
		<NetBIOS name>$@<REALM>

	kclient(1M) [10] has recently been modified to include the proposed
	SPNs in the core SPN set in order to support this fast track. See [5]
	and [6] in section 4.2.

	smbadm(1M), CIFS service domain join utility, will be modified
	accordingly as part of this Kerberos user authentication for AD users
	support.

	The process for Kerberos user authentication and session setup with
	extended security negotiated will be as follows:

	i)	Upon receipt of a SmbNegotiate request from a client that
		supports extended security, the CIFS Service will send an
		extended reply with the initial SPNEGO negotiation token
		containing an ordered list of mechanisms supported by the
		server in decreasing preference order and the server's
		preferred principal name.  For more information on SPNEGO
		see [2] (NegTokenInit2 section) and [6].

	ii)	Upon receipt of an extended SmbSessionSetupX request, the
		CIFS Service will decode the request and pass the incoming
		GSS context token to the GSS-API acceptor for security
		context establishment.  See [2], section 4.12.  With
		Kerberos authentication, the CIFS Service doesn't need to
		contact a domain controller, which results in faster
		connection establishment.

	iii)	Upon successful user authentication via Kerberos, an access
		token is generated from the service ticket PAC, avoiding the
		need for MSRPC calls to obtain group and privilege data from
		the domain controller.

	iv)	For SMB signing, the session key extracted from the GSS
		security context will be used as the Message Authentication
		Code (MAC) key to verify the signature of the incoming SMB
		messages and to sign outgoing SMB messages.  Previously,
		the MAC key was computed using both the NTLM user session
		key returned by the DC, after successful pass-through
		authentication, and the NTLM challenge-response in the client's
		SmbSessionSetupX request.  See [1] (Message Signing Example)
		for more information on SMB signing.

	v)	The CIFS Service will send extended SmbSessionSetupX replies
		that carry an outgoing GSS context token.  Upon receipt of a
		positive response, clients can use the GSS context token to
		verify the server's identity.  On error, clients might recover
		from a logon failure by interpreting the Kerberos error code
		and data presented in the context token, which is actually an
		error token returned by the krb5 security mechanism.  

    4.2. Bug/RFE Number(s):
         [1] RFE: 6791210 CIFS Service Kerberos user authentication for AD users
         [2] RFE: 6791165 Extended Security
         [3] RFE: 6906492 NTLMSSP support
         [4] Bug: 6791642 Unable to connect to the CIFS server using
                          \\servername.fqdn
         [5] Bug: 6824434 Unable to accept context establishment initiated by
                          Windows 2000 clients
         [6] Bug: 6405422 kerberosv5_b/interop Solaris acceptors fail in AD-KDC
                          environments when using non-"host" services (e.g.
                          "cifs")

    4.4. Out of Scope:
	Support for non-AD users is out of scope.

    4.5. Interfaces:
	Exported Interfaces:

			        | Proposed       | Specified     |
			        | Stability      | in what       |
	Interface Name          | Classification | Document?     | Comments
	===================================================================
	cifs/<hostname>.<fqdn>  | Committed      | This document | /etc/krb5/
	<NetBIOS name>$         |                |               | krb5.keytab
	                        |                |               | See klist(1)


	Imported Interfaces:

	                                           | Proposed   | Specified
	                                           | Stability  | in what
	Interface Name	                           | Classifi-  | Document?
	                                           | cation     | 
	===================================================================
	libgss.so(3LIB)                            | Committed  | PSARC/1996/059
	                                           |            |
	gss_inquire_sec_context_by_oid             | Volatile   | PSARC/2009/418
	 - for SMB signing                         |            |
	                                           |            |
	gsskrb5_extract_authz_data_from_sec_context| Contracted | contract [11]
	                                           | Project    | 
	                                           | Private    |
	                                           |            |
	libkrb5.so(3LIB) - for PAC manipulation    | Volatile   | PSARC/2009/418


	Both mech_krb5.so and mech_spnego.so are used indirectly via libgss.so
	for the following purposes:

	1. GSSAPI/SPNEGO
	   SPNEGO is used for NegTokenInit2 [2] token generation and security
	   mechanism negotiation [6].  
	
	2. GSSAPI/KRB5
	   Kerberos V5 [7] is used for security context establishment. 

    4.11. Security Impact:
	This project will use GSSAPI/SPNEGO/KRB5 as the security model. 
	The benefits gained by using Kerberos authentication are:
	1. Stronger cryptography than NTLM challenge-response based
	   authentication
	2. Mutual authentication.  Kerberos allows the client and server
	   to verify each others identity.  NTLM only allows servers to
	   verify the identity of clients.

5. Reference Documents:

	[1]  MS-SMB: Server Message Block (SMB) Protocol
	     http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc246231(PROT.13).aspx

	[2]  MS-SPNG: Simple and Protected Generic Security Service
	     Application Program Interface Negotiation Mechansim
	     http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc247021(PROT.13).aspx

	[3]  MS-KILE: Kerberos Protocol Extensions
	     http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc233855(PROT.13).aspx

	[4]  MS-PAC: Privilege Attribute Certificate Data Structure
	     http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc237917(PROT.13).aspx

	[5]  MS-NLMP: NT LAN Manger (NTLM) Authentication Protocol Spec
	     http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc236621(PROT.13).aspx

	[6]  RFC 4178: The Simple and Protected Generic Security Service
	     Application Program Interface (GSS-API) Negotiation Mechanism
	     http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4178.txt

	[7]  RFC 4120: The Kerberos Network Authentication Service (V5) 
	     http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4120.txt

	[8]  PSARC/2006/715 CIFS Service
	     http://sac.sfbay.sun.com/Archives/CaseLog/arc/PSARC/2006/715/

	[9]  PSARC/2008/418 Kerberos V5 PAC API
	     http://sac.sfbay.sun.com/Archives/CaseLog/arc/PSARC/2009/418/
	
	[10] PSARC/2007/401 kclient version 2
	     http://sac.sfbay.sun.com/Archives/CaseLog/arc/PSARC/2007/401/

	[11] Contract for contract private interfaces (PSARC/2009/418)
	     http://sac.sfbay/PSARC/2006/715/contracts/cifs_psarc2009_418_contract.txt

6. Resources and Schedule
    6.4. Steering Committee requested information
   	6.4.1. Consolidation C-team Name:
		ON
    6.5. ARC review type: FastTrack
    6.6. ARC Exposure: open

From Darren.Moffat@sun.com Thu Dec 10 01:02:27 2009
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Date: Thu, 10 Dec 2009 09:01:51 +0000
From: Darren J Moffat <Darren.Moffat@sun.com>
Subject: Re: CIFS Service Kerberos user authentication for AD users
 [PSARC/2009/673 FastTrack timeout 12/16/2009]
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I don't see any issues with this proposal.  The interoperatbility with 
CIFS clients and AD is what I'd expect.  The keytab entries for Solaris 
are again what I'd expect (I wasn't aware of the need for the netbios 
one though).

So I'm happy to give this a +1 as specified.

The one nit I have is I didn't see an updated smbadm(1M) man page - is 
that because there are no visible interface changes to it ?

--
Darren J Moffat

From Natalie.Li@sun.com Thu Dec 10 07:38:23 2009
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Date: Thu, 10 Dec 2009 07:37:54 -0800
From: Natalie Li <Natalie.Li@sun.com>
Subject: Re: CIFS Service Kerberos user authentication for AD users
 [PSARC/2009/673 FastTrack timeout 12/16/2009]
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Darren,

Yes, you're right.  There aren't any interface changes to smbadm.
Thanks for the review,

Natalie

Darren J Moffat wrote:
> I don't see any issues with this proposal.  The interoperatbility with 
> CIFS clients and AD is what I'd expect.  The keytab entries for 
> Solaris are again what I'd expect (I wasn't aware of the need for the 
> netbios one though).
>
> So I'm happy to give this a +1 as specified.
>
> The one nit I have is I didn't see an updated smbadm(1M) man page - is 
> that because there are no visible interface changes to it ?
>
> -- 
> Darren J Moffat


From Natalie.Li@Sun.COM Thu Dec 10 08:11:48 2009
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Date: Thu, 10 Dec 2009 08:11:23 -0800
From: Natalie Li <Natalie.Li@Sun.COM>
Subject: Re: CIFS Service Kerberos user authentication for AD users
 [PSARC/2009/673 FastTrack timeout 12/16/2009]
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To: Darren J Moffat <Darren.Moffat@Sun.COM>
Cc: Jordan Brown <jb25718@sac.sfbay.sun.com>, PSARC-ext@Sun.COM,
        cifs-eng@Sun.COM, kerberos-iteam@Sun.COM
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Forgot to comment on NetBIOS SPN ...

The NetBIOS SPN is required for Windows 2000 interoperability. Windows 
2000 domain member clients typically request for CIFS Service tickets 
given the NetBIOS SPN.

Regards,

Natalie

On 12/10/2009 01:01 AM, Darren J Moffat wrote:
> I don't see any issues with this proposal.  The interoperatbility with 
> CIFS clients and AD is what I'd expect.  The keytab entries for 
> Solaris are again what I'd expect (I wasn't aware of the need for the 
> netbios one though).
>
> So I'm happy to give this a +1 as specified.
>
> The one nit I have is I didn't see an updated smbadm(1M) man page - is 
> that because there are no visible interface changes to it ?
>
> -- 
> Darren J Moffat


